What is the primary focus of ecology?

The primary focus of ecology is the scientific study of interactions among organisms and their environment. This field of study examines how living organisms, including plants, animals, and microorganisms, interact with each other and with their physical surroundings, such as air, water, and soil. This holistic approach helps understand ecosystems, biodiversity, and the impact of environmental changes, thereby contributing to conservation efforts and sustainable practices.

The other options present important topics but do not encapsulate the essence of ecology. For instance, while studying human interactions is significant in fields like sociology and environmental sociology, it does not fully represent the broader ecological perspective of all organisms and their environments. Economic relations between countries focus on finance and trade, which is crucial in understanding global economics but does not address ecological interactions. The study of climate patterns belongs to climatology, which, while related to ecological concerns, specifically centers on atmospheric conditions rather than the interdependence of living organisms and their environments.